Isisekelo Sokuhlola Isoftware - Imibuzo nezimpendulo

Ukuhlolwa kweSoftware kungumsebenzi ekuthuthukisweni kwesoftware. Uphenyo olwenziwe ngokumelene nesoftware ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi mayelana nekhwalithi yesoftware kubabambiqhaza.



Kuyini Ukuhlolwa Kwesoftware?

Abantu abehlukene beze nezincazelo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlolwa kwesoftware, kepha ngokuvamile, inhloso yile:

  • Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isoftware ihlangabezana nezidingo kanye nokwakhiwa okuvunyelwene ngakho
  • Uhlelo lokusebenza lusebenza njengokulindelekile
  • Uhlelo lokusebenza aluqukethe amaphutha amakhulu
  • Ihlangabezana nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe njengokulindelwe ngumsebenzisi

Ukuhlolwa kweSoftware kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nemibandela ukuqinisekisa futhi ukuqinisekiswa .


Ukuqinisekisa : Ngabe senza umsebenzi ofanele? Ukuqinisekisa : Ngabe siwenza kahle umsebenzi?

Ukuqinisekisa ukubheka noma ukuhlola izinto, kufaka phakathi isoftware, ukuhambisana nokuhambisana nemininingwane ehambisanayo.


Ukuqinisekisa inqubo yokubheka ukuthi lokho okucacisiwe yilokho umsebenzisi akufunayo ngempela.

Ukuhlolwa kweSoftware luhlobo olulodwa lokuqinisekisa, olusebenzisa amasu afana nokubuyekezwa, ukuhlaziywa, ukuhlolwa nokudlula.



Kuyini Ukuhlola Kokuhlola futhi kufanele kwenziwe nini?

Incazelo yokuhlola okuhlolwayo “ukwenziwa kanyekanye kokuhlolwa kokuhlola” ngokumelene nohlelo lokusebenza. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umhloli usebenzisa ulwazi lwakhe lwesizinda nokuhlangenwe nakho kokuhlola ukubikezela ukuthi uhlelo lungaziphatha ngokungalindelekile futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo. Njengoba umhloli eqala ukuhlola uhlelo, imibono emisha yokwakhiwa kokuhlolwa icatshangelwa endizeni futhi yenziwe ngokumelene nesoftware engaphansi kokuhlolwa.

Esikhathini sokuhlola sokuhlola, umhloli wenza uchungechunge lwezenzo ngokumelene nohlelo, isenzo ngasinye sincike emphumeleni wesenzo sangaphambilini, yingakho umphumela womphumela wezenzo ungaba nomthelela kulokho umhloli akwenzayo ngokulandelayo, ngakho-ke izikhathi zokuhlola akufani.


Lokhu kuqhathaniswa nokuhlolwa okuSkripthi lapho izivivinyo zenzelwe ngaphambili kusetshenziswa izidingo noma imibhalo yokwakha, imvamisa ngaphambi kokuthi uhlelo lukulungele futhi lisebenzise lezo zinyathelo ezifanayo ngqo ngokumelene nohlelo ngesinye isikhathi.

Ukuhlolwa Kokuhlola kuvamise ukwenziwa njengoba umkhiqizo uvela (beshesha) noma njengesheke lokugcina ngaphambi kokuba isoftware ikhishwe. Kungumsebenzi ohambisanayo ekuhlolweni okuzenzakalelayo kokuhlehliswa.



Yiziphi Izindlela Zokuhlola ezikhona futhi yini inhloso yazo?

Amasu Wokuhlola asetshenziselwa izinhloso ezimbili: a) Ukusiza ukukhomba ukukhubazeka, b) Ukunciphisa inani lamacala wokuhlola.

  • Ukwahlukanisa ukulingana kusetshenziselwa ukwehlisa inani lamacala wokuhlola ngokukhomba amasethi wedatha angafani futhi enza kuphela ukuhlolwa okukodwa kusethi yedatha ngayinye
  • Ukuhlaziywa Kwenani Lemingcele kusetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukusebenza kohlelo emingceleni yedatha evunyelwe.
  • Ukuhlolwa Kwesimo Sombuso kusetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa izifundazwe ezivunyelwe nezingavunyelwe nezinguquko kusuka kwesinye isimo kuye kwesinye ngemininingwane ehlukahlukene yokufaka
  • Ukuhlolwa kwe-Pair-wise noma i-All-Pairs kuyindlela yokuhlola enamandla kakhulu futhi isetshenziselwa ukwehlisa inani lamacala wokuhlola ngenkathi ikhulisa ukumbozwa kwenhlanganisela yesici.


Kungani Ukuhlola Kudingeka?

Ukuhlola kuyadingeka ukuze kutholakale noma yikuphi ukukhubazeka okukhona kusoftware okungadala ingozi. Ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okufanele, singakhipha isoftware engasebenzi kahle futhi idale ukulimala kanzima.


Izibonelo zingaba:

  • Isoftware emshinini wokusekela impilo ongadala ingozi enkulu esigulini;
  • Isoftware esitshalweni senuzi ehlola imisebenzi yenuzi ingadala ingozi emvelweni
  • Ukufaka isicelo kwasebhange noma kwezezimali okubala amazinga okushintshana kungadala ukulahleka kwezezimali ebhizinisini


Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-Bug, Defect, Error, Failure, Fault, and Mistake?

Iphutha nephutha yizinto ezifanayo. I-Bug, i-Defect, ne-Fault yinto efanayo.

Ngokuvamile, umuntu angenza iphutha (iphutha) elikhiqiza iphutha (iphutha, iphutha) kuhlelo lokusebenza lwesoftware olungadala ukwehluleka.

Amaphutha ayenzeka ngoba abantu bathambekele ekwenzeni amaphutha, futhi uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-software lungaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngakho-ke ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezihlukile kungadala isimilo.




Ngakanani ukuhlolwa okwanele?

Akunampendulo eqondile yalo mbuzo. Ukuhlola akukona ngokuphelele futhi akunamkhawulo. Kodwa-ke, singasebenzisa amamethrikhi engcuphe (ukuhlolwa okususelwa engcupheni) ukukhomba izimo ezingadala ingozi enkulu noma izingxenye zesoftware esetshenziswa kakhulu ukuze sigxile esikhathini sethu nasemzameni wethu ezigabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Ukuhlola kufanele kunikeze ulwazi olwanele ngesimo noma impilo yohlelo lokusebenza, ngakho ababambiqhaza bangenza isinqumo esinolwazi sokuthi bayayikhipha yini i-software noma bachithe isikhathi esiningi behlolwa.



Iyini Inqubo Eyisisekelo Yokuhlola

Ukuze uthole okuningi kwemisebenzi yokuhlola, inqubo elandelwayo kufanele ilandelwe. Kepha ngaphambi kokuthi noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokuhlola uqale, umzamo omkhulu kufanele usetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza uhlelo oluhle lokuhlola. Uhlelo oluhle lokuhlola luhamba ibanga elide ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imisebenzi yokuhlola iyalandelwa kulokho ukuhlolwa okuzama ukukufeza.

Kungenzeka ukuthi isebenze kakhulu endaweni yokuhlola esemthethweni (njengokugxilwa kwemishini). Iningi lezinhlangano zezentengiselwano zinezinqubo zokuhlola ezinzima. Noma kunjalo, noma imuphi umzamo wokuhlola ungasebenzisa lezi zinyathelo ngandlela thile.


Inqubo Yokuhlola Eyisisekelo inemisebenzi emihlanu:

  • Ukuhlela
  • Ukucaciswa
  • Ukubulawa
  • Ukuqopha
  • Ukuhlola Ukuqedwa Kokuhlolwa

Inqubo yokuhlola ihlala iqala ngokuHlela Kokuhlola futhi iphela ngokuhlolela Ukuqedwa Kokuhlolwa.

Noma yimuphi umsebenzi kanye nayo yonke imisebenzi ingaphindwa (noma okungenani ibuyekezwe) ngoba izikhathi eziningana zingadingeka ngaphambi kokuthi imibandela yokuphothula echazwe ngesikhathi sokuhlelwa kokuhlolwa ingahlangatshezwa.



Izimiso Eziyisikhombisa Zokuhlolwa Kwesoftware

Ngezansi kunemigomo eyisikhombisa yokuhlolwa kwesoftware:

1. Ukuhlola kukhombisa ubukhona bezimbungulu

Ukuhlola uhlelo lokusebenza kungaveza kuphela ukuthi kukhona ukukhubazeka okukodwa noma ngaphezulu kuhlelo lokusebenza, noma kunjalo, ukuhlolwa kukodwa akukwazi ukufakazela ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza alunamaphutha. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuklama amacala wokuhlola athola ukukhubazeka okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka.

2. Ukuhlolwa okuphelele akunakwenzeka

Ngaphandle kokuthi uhlelo lokusebenza ngaphansi kovivinyo (i-AUT) lunokwakheka okunengqondo okulula kakhulu nokufaka okulinganiselwe, akunakwenzeka ukuhlola konke ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha nezimo. Ngalesi sizathu, kusetshenziswa ubungozi nezinto eziza kuqala ukugxila ezicini ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuvivinya.

3. Ukuhlolwa kusenesikhathi

Ngokushesha lapho siqala imisebenzi yokuhlola singasebenzisa kangcono isikhathi esikhona. Lapho nje imikhiqizo yokuqala, imfuneko enjalo noma amadokhumenti wokuqamba etholakala, singaqala ukuhlola. Kujwayelekile ukuthi isigaba sokuhlola sicindezelwe ekugcineni komjikelezo wokuphila, okusho ukuthi lapho intuthuko isiqedile, ngakho-ke ngokuqala ukuhlola kusenesikhathi, singalungiselela ukuhlolwa kwezinga ngalinye lomjikelezo wokuphila.

Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwangaphambilini ukuthi lapho kutholakala ukukhubazeka ekuqaleni komjikelezo wempilo, kulula kakhulu futhi kushibhile ukukulungisa. Kushibhile kakhulu ukushintsha isidingo esingalungile kunokushintsha ukusebenza kohlelo olukhulu olungasebenzi njengoba kuceliwe noma njengoba lwenzelwe!

4. Ukuqoqwa kwamaphutha

Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, kungabonakala ukuthi amaphutha amaningi abikiwe ahlobene nenani elincane lamamojula ngaphakathi kohlelo. isb.amamojula amancane aqukethe amaphutha amaningi ohlelweni. Lokhu ukusetshenziswa kwePareto Principle ekuhlolweni kwesoftware: cishe i-80% yezinkinga itholakala kuma-module ayi-20%.

5. Indida yokubulala izinambuzane

Uma uqhubeka nokusebenzisa isethi efanayo yokuhlolwa kaninginingi, amathuba ngeke esatholakala amaphutha amasha kulawo macala wokuhlola. Ngoba njengoba uhlelo luguquka, amaphutha amaningi abikwe ngaphambilini azobe elungisiwe futhi amacala okuhlola amadala awasasebenzi.

Noma kunini lapho iphutha lilungisiwe noma kufakwa ukusebenza okusha, sidinga ukwenza ukuhlolwa kokuhlehliswa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isoftware entsha eguqukile ayephuli enye ingxenye yesoftware. Kodwa-ke, lawo macala okuhlolwa okuphindayo adinga ukuguqulwa akhombise izinguquko ezenziwe kusoftware ukuze zisebenze futhi ngethemba ukuthi zinamaphutha amasha.

6. Ukuhlola kuncike kokuqukethwe

Izindlela, amasu nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlola zihlobene nohlobo nobunjalo besicelo. Isibonelo, uhlelo lokusebenza lwesoftware kudivayisi yezokwelapha ludinga ukuhlolwa okuningi kunesoftware yamageyimu.

Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi isoftware yedivayisi yezokwelapha idinga ukuhlolwa okususelwa engcupheni, ithobelane nabalawuli bezimboni zezokwelapha kanye namasu wokuklama wokuhlola athile.

Ngendlela efanayo, iwebhusayithi ethandwa kakhulu, idinga ukubhekana nokuhlolwa kokusebenza okunzima kanye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukusebenza akuthinteki umthwalo kumaseva.

7. Ukungabikho kwamaphutha okungelona iqiniso

Ngoba ukuhlolwa akutholanga maphutha kusoftware, akusho ukuthi isoftware isilungele ukuthunyelwa. Ngabe izivivinyo ezenziwayo zenzelwe ukubamba amaphutha amaningi? noma lapho badizayinele khona ukubona ukuthi ngabe isoftware iyahambisana yini nezidingo zomsebenzisi? Kunezinye izinto eziningi okufanele zicatshangelwe ngaphambi kokwenza isinqumo sokuthumela isoftware.



Kuyini Ukuhlolwa Kwebhokisi Elimhlophe

Ukuhlolwa kwebhokisi elimhlophe kusebenza ngemininingwane yangaphakathi nokwakheka kwekhodi. Ukuhlolwa kwebhokisi elimhlophe kubizwa nangokuthi ingilazi, isakhiwo, ibhokisi elivulekile noma ukuhlolwa kwebhokisi okucacile. Izivivinyo ezibhalwe ngokususelwa kucebo lokuhlola ibhokisi elimhlophe zifaka ukumbozwa kwekhodi ebhaliwe, amagatsha, izindlela, izitatimende nomqondo wangaphakathi wekhodi njll.

Ukuze usebenzise ukuhlolwa kwamabhokisi amhlophe, umhloli kufanele abhekane nekhodi ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuthola ulwazi lokufaka amakhodi kanye nomqondo okusho ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kwekhodi. Ukuhlolwa kwebhokisi elimhlophe kudinga nokuthi umhloli abheke ikhodi bese ethola ukuthi iyiphi iyunithi / isitatimende / isigaxa sekhodi esingasebenzi kahle.

Ukuhlolwa kweyunithi

Umthuthukisi wenza ukuhlolwa kweyunithi ukuze abheke ukuthi imodyuli ethile noma iyunithi yekhodi isebenza kahle yini. Ukuhlolwa kweYunithi kuza ezingeni eliyisisekelo njengoba kwenziwa lapho iyunithi lekhodi yathuthukiswa noma kwakhiwa ukusebenza okuthile.

Ukuhlaziywa okuqinile nokunamandla

Ukuhlaziywa okuqinile kufaka phakathi ikhodi ukuze uthole noma yikuphi ukukhubazeka okungenzeka kukhodi. Ukuhlaziywa okunamandla kuhilela ukusebenzisa ikhodi nokuhlaziya okukhiphayo.

Ukutholakala Kwesitatimende

Kulolu hlobo lokuhlola ikhodi yenziwa ngendlela yokuthi zonke izitatimende zohlelo lokusebenza zenziwa okungenani kanye. Kuyasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi zonke izitatimende zisebenza ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwegatsha

Alukho uhlelo lokusebenza lwesoftware olungabhalwa ngemodi eqhubekayo yokufaka amakhodi, kwesinye isikhathi kudingeka sikhiphe ikhodi ukuze senze umsebenzi othile. Ukuhlolwa kokumbozwa kwegatsha kusiza ekuqinisekiseni wonke amagatsha akukhodi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha eliholela ekuziphatheni okungajwayelekile kohlelo.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezokuphepha

Ukuhlolwa Kwezokuphepha kwenziwa ngenhloso yokuthola ukuthi uhlelo lungazivikela kahle kangakanani ekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe, ekugencweni - ekuqhekekeni, kunoma yikuphi ukonakala kwekhodi njll okuphathelene nekhodi yohlelo lokusebenza. Lolu hlobo lokuhlola ludinga izindlela zokuhlola eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuhlolwa Kokuguqula Izakhi

Uhlobo lokuhlola lapho, uhlelo luhlolwe khona ikhodi eguqulwe ngemuva kokulungisa i-bug / defect ethile. Kuyasiza futhi ekutholeni ukuthi iyiphi ikhodi nokuthi yiliphi isu lokufaka amakhodi elingasiza ekwenzeni ukusebenza ngempumelelo.

Izinzuzo Zokuhlolwa Kwebhokisi Elimhlophe

Njengoba ulwazi lwesakhiwo sangaphakathi sokufaka amakhodi luyimfuneko, kuba lula kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lokufaka / idatha engasiza ekuhloleni uhlelo ngempumelelo. Enye inzuzo yokuhlolwa kwebhokisi elimhlophe ukuthi iyasiza ekwenzeni ikhodi isize ekususeni imigqa eyengeziwe yekhodi, engaletha ukukhubazeka okufihliwe.

Okubi kokuhlolwa kwe-White Box

Njengoba ulwazi lwekhodi nokwakheka kwangaphakathi kuyinto edingekayo, umhloli onekhono uyadingeka ukwenza lolu hlobo lokuhlola, okwandisa izindleko. Futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukubheka kuyo yonke ingxenye yekhodi ukuthola amaphutha afihliwe, angadala izinkinga, okuholele ekuhlulekeni kohlelo.



Kuyini Ukuhlolwa Kwebhokisi Elimnyama

Ekuhlolweni kweBlack Box, umhloli uvivinya isicelo ngaphandle kolwazi ngokusebenza kwangaphakathi kwesicelo esivivinywayo.

Ngoba ukuhlolwa kwebhokisi elimnyama akunandaba nekhodi eyisisekelo, khona-ke amasu angatholwa kumadokhumenti adingekayo noma ukucaciswa kokuklanywa ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa kungaqala ngokushesha nje lapho izidingo zibhaliwe.

Inqubo Yokuhlola Value Boundary

Ukuhlaziywa kwenani lemingcele, i-BVA, kuvivinya ukusebenza kohlelo emingceleni. Lapho uhlola uhla lwamanani, ngemuva kokukhetha iqoqo ledatha elilele ukwahlukanisa okuvumelekile, okulandelayo ukubheka ukuthi uhlelo luziphatha kanjani kumanani wemingcele wokwahlukaniswa okuvumelekile. Ukuhlaziywa kwenani lemingcele kuvame kakhulu lapho kubhekwa uhla lwezinombolo.

I-State Transition Technique

Inqubo yokuhlolwa kokushintshwa kombuso isetshenziswa lapho okuthile kwesistimu kungachazwa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi 'umshini wombuso ophelile'. Lokhu kumane kusho ukuthi uhlelo lungaba kwinani (elinomkhawulo) lamazwe ahlukahlukene, futhi ukuguquka kusuka kwesinye isimo kuye kwesinye kunqunywa yimithetho 'yomshini'.

Le yimodeli lapho uhlelo novivinyo lususelwa khona. Noma yiluphi uhlelo lapho uthola okukhiphayo okwehlukile kokufakwayo okufanayo, ngokuya ngokwenzekile phambilini, uhlelo olunomkhawulo.

Indlela Yokuhlola Ukuhlukanisa Ukulingana

Umqondo ngemuva kwendlela yokuhlola ukwahlukanisa okulinganayo ukuqeda isethi yedatha yokufaka eyenza uhlelo luziphathe ngokufanayo futhi lunikeze umphumela ofanayo lapho kuhlolwa uhlelo.

Inqubo yendlela yokuhlukanisa okulinganayo ifaka phakathi ukukhomba isethi yedatha njengesimo sokufaka esinika umphumela ofanayo lapho kwenziwa uhlelo nokuluhlukanisa njengeqoqo ledatha elilinganayo (ngoba benza uhlelo luziphathe ngendlela efanayo futhi lukhiqize umphumela ofanayo ) nokuzihlukanisa kusuka kwesinye isethi yedatha elinganayo.

Izinzuzo Zokuhlolwa Kwebhokisi Elimnyama

  • Isivivinyo asikhethi ngoba umklami nomhloli bazimele bodwa.
  • Umhloli akadingi ulwazi nganoma yiziphi izilimi ezithile zohlelo.
  • Isivivinyo senziwa ngokubuka komsebenzisi, hhayi umqambi.
  • Amacala wokuhlola angakhiwa ngokushesha nje lapho imininingwane isiqedile.

Okubi kokuhlolwa kweBlack Box

  • Ukuhlolwa kungafuneki uma umqambi wesoftware esevele esebenze icala lokuhlola.
  • Amacala wokuhlola kunzima ukuwaklama.
  • Ukuhlola konke ukusakaza okungenayo okungenzeka akulona iqiniso ngoba kungathatha isikhathi esingeqile; ngakho-ke, izindlela eziningi zohlelo ngeke zivivinywe.